The Rising Burden of Microalbuminuria in Nigerian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Pathophysiology

Abstract

Background: The escalating prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Nigeria brings with it a significant burden of microvascular complications, particularly microalbuminuria, an early marker of diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. This systematic review synthesises current evidence on the prevalence and pathophysiology of microalbuminuria among Nigerian T2DM patients. Methodology: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published between 2014 and 2025. Studies reporting the prevalence of microalbuminuria in Nigerian adults with T2DM were included. Results: The prevalence of microalbuminuria in this population is notably high, with reported rates ranging from 34% to 58%. Recent hospital-based studies from Ogun State and Gusau reported rates of 53.4% and 62.5%, respectively. Key drivers include poor glycaemic control (elevated HbA1c), concurrent hypertension, and prolonged diabetes duration. Conclusion: Microalbuminuria is a pervasive and serious complication of T2DM in Nigeria. Its high prevalence underscores an urgent need for systemic reforms in diabetes care, focusing on routine screening, stringent glycaemic and blood pressure management, and public health education to mitigate the risk of progressive renal and cardiovascular disease.